Development Tasks And Challenges

 Robert James Havighurst: In 1950, Robert Havighurst coined the phrase "developmental work."

A task that develops a person is one that happens to them in a predictable and consistent way throughout time. (1948 and 1953, Hazyhurst)

He thought that lifelong learning was a necessary part of being human and that people should never stop learning.
He defined a developmental task as one that an individual has and wishes to do during a specific stage of life."A developmental task is a middle path between individual need and social demand," the author explains.
He has discussed two developmental projects. who have the following names.


1. The Developmental Bio-Psychosocial Model


2. The Theory of Developmental Tasks


According to his bio-psychosocial model, biology is the primary concern, followed by psychology and society.


In addition to describing three key sources, Havighurst (1972) highlighted three sources of development work.

• Biology
• Sociology 
• Psychology

First, some skills, including learning to walk, converse properly, and behave appropriately with people of the opposite sex during puberty, are essentially dependent on physical maturity; Coping with Menopause Personal ideals and goals are another source of developmental effort throughout Middle Ages.These independent variables are the result of the interplay between ontogenetic and environmental factors. They actively contribute to the emergence of particular developmental tasks, such as selecting a career route.
Cultural and societal structures are the third source of developmental tasks. Laws (such as those governing the minimum age of marriage) and widely held cultural expectations of development are two examples of such impacts.
We can say that it can be labor-intensive, like walking, or educational, like learning to read, or it can be social, like mixing with your friends in society.


Learning might also happen after the crucial developmental stage has elapsed. At any age, the lessons you have acquired will persist. For instance, you grew up learning A, B, C, and D. Further learned were K, Kha, Ga, and Gha.As a result, you are now ahead of it, making better use of it.

1. The Bio-Psychosocial Model of Development

Robert J. Havighurst's "bio-psychosocial model of development" postulates that social, psychological, and biological variables all have an impact on a person's growth. In this approach, an individual's thoughts, emotions, and personality qualities contribute to their psychological development, while their genes and physical attributes contribute to their biological development. A person's growth is also influenced by societal elements like family, culture, and social expectations. According to this model, in order to properly comprehend an individual's growth, it is crucial to take into account how these three components interact with one another.


Havighurst, Robert James, put out a novel bio-psychosocial paradigm of development.The developmental tasks at each stage are impacted by an individual's biology (physiology, maturity, and genetic makeup), psychology (personal values and aspirations), and sociology (particular culture), according to Robert James Havighurst's developmental task hypothesis. Connected.

2. Developmental Task Theory of Havinghurst

The psychological theory known as developmental task theory, or Havinghurst theory, postulates that people go through a sequence of predictable stages in their development, each with unique tasks or obstacles that the person must face. Needed must be completed in order to develop. for the following action. This theory holds that these roles are universal and that everyone is affected by them, regardless of their social or cultural background.

The 1950s saw the development of this idea by educator and psychologist Robert J. Hinghurst. It was first put forth as a framework for comprehending and forecasting college students' academic and personal growth, but it has subsequently been expanded to include people of all ages.

This idea states that a person's life may be split into six stages, and that a child keeps developmental tasks—tasks that are specific to each stage—as objectives and works toward fulfilling them. The following are some types that exist.

Early childhood and infancy (birth to age six)
middle childhood (ages six to twelve) middle childhood (ages six to twelve)
Adolescence: Ages 13 to 18
Young adulthood (19–30 years old) Young adulthood (19–30 years old)
middle age (between 30 and 60) middle age (between 30 and 60)
Later adulthood (over 60)

              Havighurst's 6 stages of development

The developmental challenge of infancy and early childhood (birth to till 6) is referred to as Havighurst's Stage 1.

• Acquiring the ability to walk
• Getting comfortable speaking
• Acquiring the ability to consume solid foods
• Acquiring control over the removal of bodily waste
• Understanding sexual modesty and diversity in sex
• forming ideas and picking up vocabulary to explain a material and social world
• Assembling for a reading session

Havighurst’s Stage 2 – The Developmental Task of Middle Childhood (6-12 YEARS)

• Acquiring the physical abilities required for regular games
• Developing a Wholesome Perspective of Oneself as an Evolving Organism
• How to get along with your age group
• Acquiring the knowledge of suitable male or feminine social roles
• acquiring foundational knowledge in math, reading, and writing
• acquiring knowledge required for daily life
• Creating a conscience morality and value system
• Reaching Self-Sufficiency
• Changing perspectives on institutions and social groups  

Havighurst’s Stage 3 – Development task of Adolescence (13 TO 18 Years)

• Establishing fresh, more responsible relationships with age-mates of both sexes.
• Assuming a social role that is either masculine or feminine.
• Accepting oneself as one is and making good use of one's body.
• Gaining parental and other adult emotional independence.
• Getting ready for a financial career, getting married and starting a family.
• Get Ready for a Career or Job.
• Gaining an ethical framework and a set of ideals to direct behavior; creating an ideology.
• Giming for and attaining socially conscious conduct.

Anorexia Nervosa is another name for anorexia.
An eating disorder exists. People consequently develop an obsession with dieting and weight loss. An irrational fear of being overweight along with a skewed body image are characteristics of anorexia.Attempting to keep a weight below average through fasting or excessive exercise is one of the symptoms. It can take medical attention to get back to normal weight. Talk therapy is beneficial for both behavior modification and self-esteem.

Another name for bulimia is Nervosa.
A severe eating disorder characterized by bingeing while avoiding gaining weight. The illness known as bulimia is marked by potentially fatal outcomes. Individuals who have this illness overeat and then take different precautions to prevent gaining weight. Usually, this entails vomiting (emptying the stomach), although it can also involve fasting or excessive activity. Treatment options include prescription drugs, counseling, and dietary instruction.

Havighurst’s Stage 4 – Development task of early adulthood (19 to 30 )

• Choosing a partner.
• Assuming a social role that is either masculine or female.
• Getting used to coexisting with a married partner.
• Establishing a family..
• Bringing up kids and running a household.
• Beginning a Career Discussion of Civic Responsibilities.
• Locating a friendly social group.

Havighurst’s Stage 5 – Development task of middle age (30 to 60 Years)

• Choosing a partner.
• assuming a social role that is either masculine or female.
• Getting used to coexisting with a married partner.
• establishing a family.
• Taking care of the family home.
• Commencing a Career Discussion on Civic Responsibilities.
• Locating a friendly social group.

Havighurst’s Stage 6 – Development task of later maturity (60 and Over)

1. Adapting to describe one's physical prowess and health Getting used to retirement and a lower salary.
2. Coping with a spouse's death.
3. Forming a clear connection with one's age group.
4. Fulfilling civil and social duties.
5. Creating a suitable physical home environment.

The information, abilities, and attitudes that a person has to develop throughout his life in order to successfully transition into increasingly challenging jobs and duties that lie ahead are known as developmental work skills.

The following are other development principles: 

• Development is an ongoing process that begins in the womb and continues until death.
• Every facet of development is inextricably linked to every other element.
• Development happens in a specific order.
• There is a clear development direction:The idea of integration
• the cyclic progression principle
• predicting theory
• Theory of different development rates; notion of the relationship between environment and heredity